Transformation of General Education in BRICS Countries
A unique wealth of empirical insights into the development of school landscapes in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
The educational systems of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa display both similarities and notable differences shaped by their socio-economic and historical contexts. Despite their individual trajectories, these countries’ education systems have several shared features and universal approaches, enabling them to participate in the global educational landscape while also retaining distinct national identities.
Across this common domain, BRICS nations pursue similar educational goals through diverse strategies. These varied approaches create opportunities for mutual learning, exchange of best practices, and collaboration aimed at improving the quality and accessibility of education across all member states—while respecting their specific needs and development paths.
This joint report by the BRICS Expert Council – Russia and the HSE University Institute of Education focuses on general education systems in the five founding BRICS countries. These nations represent diverse socio-economic and cultural environments, offering a strong basis for analyzing educational transformation within the alliance. The scope is limited to these five countries to ensure a comprehensive, in-depth examination of their established systems, while still acknowledging the broader and evolving composition of the BRICS partnership.
ACCESS
Education is a fundamental right, yet disparities persist across BRICS nations due to socio-economic, geographic, and systemic barriers. The report highlights how countries like Brazil and South Africa are tackling inequality through no-fee schools and rural infrastructure, while India and China expand digital access. Russia supports equity via centralized curricula. Together, these efforts aim to make education universally accessible.
INNOVATION
Innovation is transforming education in BRICS countries, with technology at the forefront. India’s digital classrooms, China’s AI platforms, and Brazil’s sustainable school meals showcase creative solutions. Russia’s focus on extracurriculars and South Africa’s Three-Stream Model reflect tailored strategies. The report emphasizes innovation as key to preparing students for a rapidly evolving world.
POLICY
Effective policy underpins educational reform across BRICS. India’s NEP 2020 redefines school structures; South Africa links schooling to labor markets; and Russia ensures consistency through centralized governance. China’s Double Reduction initiative eases student pressure, while Brazil focuses on equity. These policies demonstrate how strategic frameworks can drive sustainable progress.
INCLUSION
Inclusivity shapes educational transformation in BRICS nations. Brazil promotes indigenous languages, China ensures accessibility for students with disabilities, and India addresses gender disparities. South Africa values linguistic diversity, while Russia supports ethnic minorities. The report foregrounds efforts to create systems that empower all learners and reflect diverse identities.
BEST PRACTICES
The BRICS alliance offers rich opportunities for sharing effective educational strategies. Brazil’s school meals, India’s vocational tracks, China’s holistic approach, and South Africa’s equity-focused policies highlight replicable models. Russia’s teacher training and standardization add further insight. By exchanging best practices, BRICS countries contribute to global educational transformation.